Impulse responses (IR) are digital audio files capturing the acoustic "fingerprint" of a space or the sonic characteristics of equipment (amps/cabinets/effects/reverberation), developed primarily since the 1970s for speaker testing. By using convolution reverb, these recordings allow producers to simulate authentic spaces—from historic cathedrals to specific speaker cabinets—within a digital audio workstation (DAW). History and Development: 1970s Origins: Impulse response testing was first developed in the 1970s to test loudspeakers, allowing for the analysis of phase inaccuracies caused by crossover, cone momentum, and resonance. Originally, physical impulses like starter pistols or balloon pops were used to trigger room reflections. This shifted toward using sine wave sweeps (20 Hz to 20 kHz) to accurately measure frequency responses. Convolution Reverb Evolution: The technology matured with digital convolution, enabling the simulation of realistic, complex acoustics rather than simple algorithmic reverbs. One of the highlights of Convolution technology was the Sony DRE S777 hardware reverb unit which harnessed convolution to generate acoustic signatures of actual physical spaces. How Impulse Responses are Captured: Generate Test Signal: A computer plays a "sweep" through a speaker in the desired space (e.g., a hall) or through a piece of equipment (e.g., an amp). Objectively speaking, the sweep method comes with lots of disadvantages. Ultimately, though, it yields a much higher quality impulse in contrast to the bang method. Record Response: A microphone records how the space or equipment changes the sound. Process to IR: The recorded sound is "deconvolved" into a .wav file—the impulse response—which can then be loaded into a convolution reverb plugin or IR player to accurately reflect the frequency response.
Free Resources on Impulse creation and convolution effects/reverb: Impulse Response creation using one of the best tools around, ableton. This site offers insight and essentially how to create your own impulse responses inside ableton. https://recordmixandmaster.com/2020-07-capture-impulse-responses
Here's some recommendations we would recommend and advise checking out:
Convolution Reverb(s): https://pluginoise.com/12-convolution-reverb-plugins
Free Convolution Reverb: https://www.meldaproduction.com/MConvolutionEZ